fixlv.,mqr YS% j¾Okmqrh fyj;a uykqjr lkao Wvrg rdcOdksfha w.kqjrhs' m<uqfjks úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1592 - 1604& ish rdcH Wreuh ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd iS;djl l=reúg fo,a.uqj rcuyd úydrfhys jevisá o<od jykafia fixlv.,mqrhg jevuùh' t;=ud iajlSh rdc ud,s.h wdikakfhau b;d ukyr o<od ud,s.djla bÈlrjd tys o<od jykafia jvd ys÷jd kkaúO mQcdfjka ms¥y' tu m<uq o<od ud,s.dj mD;=.Siska úiska úkdY l< fyhska fojk rdcisxy rcq merKs o<od ud,s.dj ;snQ ;kaysu fojk o<od ud,s.djla fouy,a fldg f.dvke.Sh' tu o<od ueÿro ,kafoaiska úiska úkdY lf<ka Tyq mq;a fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud uykqjr f;jk o<od ud,s.dj f;uy,a fldg lrùh' tu o<od ueÿr crdÔ¾K ù ;sfnkq ÿgq Tyq mq;a YS% ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq isõjk o<od ud,s.dj fouy,a fldg bÈlf<ah' wo;a Tng olakg ,efnkafka tu bmerKs o<od ueÿrhs' YS% o<od jykafia wo;a ksremøs;j jevisák fixlv.,mqrh f,dal Wreu k.rhla jQfha o ta ksiduh'

m<fjks úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud rcùug fmr fldf,dkaf;dgg f.dia tys isàug fkdyelsj f.dajg .sfhah' fndfyda ld,hla tys isáh§ .cndyq keue;s m%Odkshd urd ,;a ch.%yKh fya;= fldgf.k iïudk ,nd kej; ,laÈjg meñKsfhah' ,laÈjg meñKs Tyq Wvrg jeishka yd iïnkaO jQ fiakdj we;sj nqÿka msßksú fooyia tlish mka;sia jekafkys YS%j¾Okmqr uy n,e;s m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh kñka m%isoaO hiia we;s rc flfkla jQfhah' fojk., r;kd,xldr udysñ m%uqL NslaIQka jykafiaf.a yd Wvrg m%Odkskaf.a iyh ,enQ fldkmamq nKavdr mS;D>d;l m<uqjk rdcisxy rcq wejEfuka fodak l;sßkd ^l=iqudik foaúh& irK lrf.k l%s' j' 1592 § m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh kñka rcúh' fixlv., mqrfhys Wia m%dldr lrjd mr i;=rkaf.ka je,flkq jia wdrlaIl ckhka fhdojd ish¨ ,xld rdcHh ksremøs; lf<ah' rdcH Wreuh idod.kq jia i¾j{ oxIag%d Od;=ka jykafia jev isákafka fld;ekoehs úpdrd fo,a.uq fjfyr hehs oek w;sYhska m%ikakj inr.uq rg fo,a.uqfjys jevisá oka; Od;= jykafia jevujdf.k f.kajd ;ukaf.a hym;a mqrfhys ojila ojila mdid j¢kg j;a ms<sfj;a lrkag o is;d ;u rdc ud,s.h iómfhys W;=ï N+ñ Nd.hl is;al¿ fouy,a o<od ud,s.dj lrjd .,Wv.u f;reka jykafia m%uqL ue;s weu;s msßia hjd ysßmsáfha Èjkrd< iu`. o<od jykafia fixlv., mqrhg jevujd o<od jykafia tys jvd ys÷jd ksrka;r wdor iys;j rka rejka jia;%dNrK .ï ìï oeis oia .j ufyaIdÈ jia;=j o mQcd lf<ah'

Tyqg miqj rc jQ Tyq ifydaor fiakdr;ak kf¾kaø f;fï ^l%s' j' 1604 ^1635& rc ù odkdÈ mqKH l¾uhkays fh§ oka; Od;= mQcd yd uy oka meje;aùh' ful, fldf,dkaf;dg isá mrx.Ska fl;aj;= kid f.j,a ojñka l=, mrïmrd kisñka isxy,fhda jekiQy' mqrhka o ffp;Hdrduhka o m%;sud ukaÈrhka o úkdY l<y' fuu wjia:dfjys oka; Od;=ka jykafia f.kajd ks¾Nh ia:dkhkays msysgqjd o<odrlaIdfjys kshqla;hka o tysu jiajd mQcd úê mj;ajñka oka; Od;= jykafia fudkjg /l.;af;ah' wdl%uK wjia:dfõ fiakdr;ak rc;=ud yia;idr jia;= wdÈka f.k jeäu,a ifydaor rcqf.a mq;%hka o .eí iys; ufyaIsldjka o /f.k uyshx.Khg .sfhah' fï w;r i;=re kdhlhd fldf,dkaf;dg .sks f.k i;=re ckhd o iu`. m,d hk wdldrh isyskhlska oel ìhg m;aj .sh whqre oel fikr;a rc;=ud iqÿiq l,a oek h<s uykqjrg meñKsfhah' tfia meñK ;u mq;%hd yd jeäu,a ifydaorhdf.a mq;%hka o oka; Od;=ka jykafia ,`. ;nd ,ÿm;a weo l=udrisxy l=ureg W!j rg o" úchmd, kï l=ureg ud;f,a kï rg o" rdcisxy keue;s nd, l=urejdg Wvrg mia rg o mdjd ÿkafkah' fufia ,ÿm;a we§fï§ ta ta m<d;a iys; ,ÿm; wkqj ;ukaf.a nd, mq;% rdcisxyg Wvrg miarg whs;s ùfuka mske;af;lehs i;=gqj odkd§ mqKHl¾u isÿ fldg i;a jirla jdih lf<ah' msh rcqf.a wejEfuka ta ta ;kays rc lrñka isá fidfydhqre l=urejka tlsfkld hqO lrñka Tjqfkdjqkag úreoaO jQy' Tjqk;=frka rdcisxy rc;=ud jeäu,a wfkla ifydaorhka myfldg rdcH n,h ;uka w;am;a lr.;af;ah' jeäu,a ifydaor rcq fojk rdcisxy rc f;fï úl%udkaú;j mshd i;=j ;snQ uq¿ rgu ;ud i;= lrf.k fmr o<od ud,s.dj mej;s ;ekaysu fouy,a o<od ukaÈrhla lrjd o<od jykafia tys jvd ys÷jd mqo i;aldr lf<ah'

blaì;s ta rdcisxy rc;=udf.a mq;% fojk úu,O¾uiQßh l=ure rcúh' wNsfIal ,enQ ta rc;=ud nqoaO Ydikfha m%ikakj oxIag%d Od;= mQcdÈh ish,a, fkdfhla mßoafoka wdrïN fldg o<od jykafia Wfoid ufkdaruH jQ fkdfhla l¾udka;hkaf.ka nn,k ;=kauy,a o<od ud<s.djla lrjd ߧ úismkaoyilska ukyr lr`vqjla lrjd th rkska wdf,am fldg kjr;akhka Tínjd r;ak ffp;Hhla iudk jQ tu uy lr`vqfjys i¾j{ oxIag%d Od;=ka jykafia jvd ys÷jd ;ekam;a lf<ah'

ta rc;=udg miqj Tyq mq;a ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy kï l=udrhd rc jQfhah' iajlSh mshdKka úiska oka; Od;=ka jykafia Wfoid uykqjr lrjk ,o ukaÈrh Ô¾K jQjd oel lïms;j wNskjfhka fouy,a W;=ï iqn m%didohla lrùh' kdkdúO úÑ;% l¾ufhka nn,k oajdrfhka hqla; fldg l,fO!; m¾j;hla fuka iqKqjñka nen¨ï we;s fldg m,fhka w,xldr fldg ud,loajfhys ì;a;s u; úÿr cd;lh" .=;a;s," Wïu.a. cd;lh" oêjdyk" uydlKy" iq;kq cd;lh" coaoka; Oïuoajc" Oïumd, cd;lh" uydckl cd;lh" moudkjl cd;lh" OïufidKaä cd;lh" uydkdro liaim cd;lh" uydmÿu f;,m; pq,a,mÿu cd;lh" i;a;=N;a; cd;lh" wkaON+;" pïfmhH" ii cd;lh" úihy l=i" iq;fidau" isú" f;añh hk cd;l o pq,a, OkqoaOr cd;lh" iÉpxlsr cd;lh" ÿïfïO cd;lh" ld,sx. fndaê cd;lh" iS,j cd;lh" udKavín cd;lh yd fjiaika;r hk fï cd;l fo;si úÑ;% jQ is;=jñka wojd ksujd fYdaNdu;a lf<ah' f,dalhg wiydh kdhl i¾j{ jQ uqkskaøhka jykafiaf.a Od;=ka jeãfuys,d tla ßhka yudrla Wi lr`vqjla lrjd i¾jKfhka wdf,am fldg ueKsla .,a y;aishhla o n|jd ta iOd;=l lr`vqj wfkal jQ ioaO¾u mqia;lhka o lem fldg mQcd lf<ah' wo o olakg ,efnkqfha ta úis;=re o<od ud,s.djh' odkdÈ msxlïys fhÿKq t;=ud oka; Od;= mQcd o ojila ojila mdid isÿ fldg uyd mqKH iïNdrhla w;a lr.;af;ah' kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud iq.; Öjr m%udK jQ isjqrla lrjd mQcd jia;=fjka fkdfhla mßoafoka i¾j{ oxIag%d Od;=ka jykafia ms§h'

ta rcqf.a wejEfuka w. fufyishf.a nd, fidfydhqre YS% úch rdcisxy kñka rcúh' t;=udf.a ìfidajreka Y%oaOdfjka ilia fldg i¾j{ oka; Od;=ka jykafiag ojila ojila mdid iuka u,a wdÈ kdkdúO mqIamfhka o iqj| f;,a fh¥ mykska o kdkdúO iqj| ÿñka o il_rdfhka yd ófhka o" wfkl=;a ffNiHcfhka o jia;%dNdrK wdÈfhka LdcH fNdacH f,hsh fmhsh yd ri úÈh hq;= fohska mQcdfjka o rc; iaj¾Kuh md;%fhka o ;sr yd we;sßfhka o" kdkdúO mßialdrfhka o" udye.s Öjrfhka o" mqod mqKH rdYshla /ia lf<ah'
furcq iufhys wNskjfhka Od;= ukaÈrfhys jvd ys÷ùfuka uy;a fodaIhla jkafka hehs lS ñiÿgq nia wid wkHhka ,jd lrjkag ksfhda. fldg w.kqjßka neyerj fjk;a kqjrlg f.dia jdih lf<ah' túg weu;sjre" jd;a;=lrejka wdÈka iu`. tl;=j lr`vqj újD; lsÍug lrk ,o W;aidyh iM, fkdjQ ;ek weu;sfhda ta mqj; uyrcqg ie, l<y' tnia weiQ rc;=ud hqyqiq¿j wjq;a kdkdúO iqj| mqIamhkaf.ka o myka ÿï wdÈfhka o mqod je| h;=re uqødj f.k tflfKysu lr`vqj újD; lf<ah' ms<sfj,ska lr`vq újD; lr we;=,a lr`vqfjys jQ i¾j{hka jykafiaf.a oxIag%d Od;= jykafia oel ;ud ,enQ wd;auh iM,ù hehs m%S;sfhka kqjr jeiaika /ia lrjd uy ieKfl<s mj;ajd mqo i;aldr lf<ah' ta woaN+;h oel m%S;s m%fudaohg m;a rc;=ud ñKsuq;= wdÈfhka oka; Od;=ka jykafia mqod oka; Od;=j ish yia;h keu;s moauhg f.k ish,a,gkagu m%o¾Ykh lf<ah'

fmr rcqka lrjk ,o Od;= ukaÈrh iaj¾Kfhka úis;=re fldg kdkdúO jia;=fjka irid kdkd úO iqj| f;,ska myka o,ajd" mqkal,ia ;ínjd" foajukaÈrhla fihska" úÑ;% jQ ta ueÿfrys ߧ wiqka u;af;ys i¾j{hka jykafiaf.a o<od jykafia jvd Od;=ka jykafia mQcd lf<ah' kqjr irid iqoaO lrjd ilia fldg je,s bi ta oka; Od;=ka jykafia mQcdfjys,d Od;= ukaÈrh yd;ami we;=¿ u¿j" msg; wd,skaoh rcu¿j yd ish¿ ùÈ fomi WiajQ weo ke;s f;drKa idojd flfi,a .ia ne| mqjla u,a fmd,a u,a wdÈfhka ieriSh' ta rc;=ud odf.hska kslau ߧ l=vfhka o rka lr`vqfjka o ukd fiur fm<ska o rka ߧ wdÈ kdkdúO mqIam cd;sfhka o kdkdúO mQcd jia;=fjka o fkdfhla mxpdx. ;+¾hdÈfhka o fkdfhla uymqo mj;ajñka W;=ï oka; Od;=ka jykafia olajd wjg isá ckhd i;=gq fldg th h:d ia:dkfhau jevqfhah' rdcdê rdcisxy rcf;fï iajlSh mqrfhys o" rgj, o ta ta ;ekays ffp;Hkays tl ojiskau myka mqo flfr;ajdhs wd{d fldg ck iuQyhd /ia lrjd i;a ,laI wkQ oyia i;aishhla mykska mQcd lf<ah' oxIag%d Od;=ka jykafia ;ekam;a lsÍug tlaßhka yudrla WiajQ rkauqjd lr`vqjla o lrjd ñKs uq;= wdÈfhka n|jd yudr lsÍug fmr ñh .sfhah' Y' j' 1713 wei< ui mqrmif<diajl Èk i;jl kï ;s:sh,;a YksÈk YS%u;a o<od jykafiag ij¾Kuh md;%hla ìijf.a u;l odkh i|yd ms§h'

úch rdcisxy rcqg miqj rcjQfha lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcqh' Od¾ñl md,lfhla jQ Tyq pl%r;akh wdrlaId lrk ilaú;s rdcfhl= fuka o<odj /laflah' fmr rcqka mj;ajdf.k wd mßoafoka mQcdjka o w¿;a mqo isß;a o ukdj bgq lf<ah' o<od ud,s.h ms<silr lrjd rka ߧ uq;= ueKsla wdÈfhka o" Wvq úhka jg;sr isjqre msßlr yd úúOdNrK j,ska o" we;a wia .j uySId§ka o" oeis oia .%du lafIa;% wdÈfhka o ms§h' úch rdcisxy rcq oji lrjd ksu fkdl< rka lr`vqj ksu lsÍug is;d i;a kslla wêl fldg we;s rka fooyilska lrjk ,o ueKsla jka ukyr fia lr`vqj ksujd uqÿfkys uyd¾> Èhuka;shla Tínjd ;j;a Èhuka;s 160 la o mqIamrd. 171 la o ks,a leg 585 la o r;= leg 4880 la o uq;= 778 la o ne| úis;=rej ksu lf<ah' úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud lrjQ lr`vqj rka wdf,am fldg uy;a nqÿ mqo W;aijhla mj;ajd o<od jykafia tys ;ekam;a lf<ah'

ishï foaYfhka jeä m%jr Wmd,s f;reka yd je,súg irKxlr i`.rc udysñ Wjfoiska j¾;udkfha mj;akd wdldrhg o<od fmryr fmrgq fldg isõuyd foajd, fmryr ùÈ ixpdrh lsÍfï isß; werUqfka o lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc;=udf.ks' t;=ud ;uka tf;la Ndú;d l< rkays,sf.h Od;= lr`vqj ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd mQcd lf<ah' rkska ksu jQ uq;= ueKsla wdÈfhka iryk ,o oel=ïl¿ jákd ud, m<|kd w;r w. fufyishf.a jákd ud, m<|kdfjla ieriS we;s fmryer lr`vqj mQcd lf<a o fu;=ud úisks' uE;la jk ;=reu o<od mQcd ld¾hhkays Ndú;d flreKq wgmsßlr mQcd lrkq ,enQfõ o rkska yd udKslHfhka w,xlD; jQ wjdk" rkañg iys; pdurh" jákd udKlHfhka yd rkska ksujQ o¿uqr ;Ügqj lrjd mQcd lf<a o fu;=ud úisks' lúldr uvqfõ m%fhdackhg .kakd ߧ Wvelals fol o mkaf;are fol o fu;=udf.a mQcdjls' ;u flaI l,dmh yd ysiajeiqu iu`. we÷ï lÜg,hla o nqÿnj m;d o<od jykafiag ms¥y'

1765 § ,kafoaisyq Wvrg rdcOdksh w,a,d .;ay' rcq msßjr;a iu`. o<odj yd idrOkh o ìij o i`.jdf.k rg ueog f.dia ie`.jqfkah' o<od jykafia jirla muK y`.=rkafl; jvd ys÷jd tys mqo i;aldr lr kej; fljq,a.ug jvujd ueouykqjr l=Kavidf,a yryd fixlv.,g jevujd rcq w;skau uy lr`vqfõ ;ekam;a lf<ah'

ta rcq wejEfuka rdcê rdcisxy uykqjr rcúh' Tyq o o<od jykafia Wfoid Y%oaOdfjka tl /hl myka ,laIhla o,ajd mQcd meje;aùh'

bkamiq YS% úl%u rdcisxy ^l%s' j' 1798 - 1815& rcúh' Tyq o o<od jykafia /l.ekSug uykqjßka m,df.dia ls;=,afma ukaÈrhl ;ekam;a lf<ah' ls;=,afmka jE.u .,af,ka úydrhg o i;=re ìh myjQ úg h<s ls;=,afmag jevujd miqj y`.=rkafl; wr;a;k" ueomsáh úydrh" j,a,sj," l=Kavidf,a wdÈ ia:dk j,g o<odj jevujd h<s uykqjrg jevujQy' YS% úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud fuu ch.%yKh iurkq jia wei< fmryer mj;ajd iqÿ wiqka fh¥ r:hl ke.S Èk myla rcqu iyNd.s jQ nj lshfõ' YS% oka; Od;=ka jykafia Wfoid mqo isß;a bgq lrñka l%s' j' 1802 - 1812 Wvrg jdia;= úoHdfõ w.%.KH ks¾udKhla jQ m;a;sßmamqj o tys bÈßmiska o¾YkSh jd/,s neïu o lrùh' uykqjr k.rhg yd YS% o<od ud,s.djg pu;aldr o¾Ykhla we;slr fokakd jQ lsß ihqr kï jQ uykqjr jej 1807 § lrjkq ,enQfha o YS% úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udh'

1815 ud¾;= 02 jkod o<odj bx.%Siskg wh;a úh' rcq yd ro< m%Odkska w;r mej;s n,f,daNs úrilh ksid;a bx.%Siska ;=< mej;s lmálï yd kùk hqO Yla;sh ksid;a 1815 ud¾;= 02 jk od nqoaO j¾Ifhka jir 2358 muK rcjreka i;=j ;snQ o<od ysñlu yd Wreuh wfydais ù iuia; f,daljdis fn!oaO ÿ¾Nd.Hl m%;sM,hla jYfhka wkHd.ñl ngysr cd;shlg o<od jykafiaf.a Ndrldr;ajh mejßK'

1815 bx.%Siskaf.a Wvrg .súiqug fmrd;=ju Bg wdikak ld,fhys o<od jykafia uykqjr ;nd.ekSu kqjKg yqre fkdjk nj is;d u,aj;= wia.sß uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafia,df.a ueÈy;aùfuka tjlg isá lmqj;af;a Èhjvk ks,fï;=udf.a ks, ld,fhys fld;auf,a mqiq,amsáh úydrhg o<odj jevujQ nj o<odjxYh fyj;a oxIag%d Od;= l:dys i|yka fõ'

tu ld,h ;=< isß;a mßÈ jdßhfmd, YS% iqux., wkqkdysñ uykqjr o<od ud,s.dfõ f;ajd lghq;= j, fh§ isáhy' fï whqßka uykqjßka msg; jevujd ;snQ o<od jykafia h<s uykqjrg jevujd .ekSug bx.%Sisyq Wkkaÿ jQy' 1815 wfm%a,a 24 jk Èk o<od jykafia ys|., isg uykqjrg iqN kel;ska uy fmryßka jevujd ;ekam;a l< nj jd¾;d fõ'

1818 W!fõ le/,a, we;s jQ wjia:dfõ§ kej;;a o<od jykafia i`.jdf.k .sh nj mejfia' ùr lemafmáfmd, y`.=rkafl;§ /iaj isá msßig l=reKshla fmkajd fyajdhka fofofkl= úiska uykqjr isg o<od jykafia jevu jQ nj m%ldY fldg isáfhah' o<od jykafia m%o¾Ykh l< Tyq fufia o<od jykaia ;uka i;= nj m%ldY fldg ch.%yKh ksh; nj m%ldY lf<ah' l%s' j' 1818 fkdjeïn¾ ui 01 jk Èk ,enqKq T;a;=jlg wkqj 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 02 jk od bx.%Sis fin¿ka úiska NslaIQka jykafia kula fmdÈ lSmhla iu`. w,a,d .kakd ,§' ta fmdÈ w;r o<od jykafia /È lr`vqj o yuqù we;'