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| b;sydih |
| YS% o<od ud,s.dj |
uykqjr ft;sydisl Y%S% o<od ud,s.dj uq,ajrg f.dvk`.kq ,enqfha m<uq fjks úu,O¾uiQßh ^1592 - 1604& rc;=ud úisks' t;=ud bÈl< Y%S% o<od ud,s.dj mD;=.Sis wdl%ñlfhda úkdY l<y' wk;=rej fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1635 - 1687& bÈl< fouy,a o<od ueÿr ,xfoaisyq úkdY l<y' bka miq uykqjr f;jk o<od ueÿr fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1687 - 1707& f;uy,a fldg bÈ lf<ah' tu o<od ud,s.dj crd Ô¾Kj mej;sfhka Tyq mq;a ùrmrdl%u kf¾kao%isxy rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1707 - 1739& oekg olakg ,efnk fouy,a o<od ud,s.dj bÈ lf<ah' ls%'j' 1765 wÈk ,o uykqjr ud,s.d ixlS¾Kfha ìï ie,iqulska fuu o<od ud,s.d msysgd ;snQ ia:dkhka oelafõ' bkamiq rc meñKs kdhlal¾ jxYsl o%úv rcjre mjd Y%S% o<od ud,s.dj jeä ÈhqKq fldg wdrlaId l<y' rdc rdc uydud;H jrekaf.a muKla fkdj il, f,daljdiS fn!oaO ck;djf.au uqÿka u,alv jeks Y%S% o<od ud,s.dj Èkm;d fkdlvjdu foia úfoia ne;su;=ka f.a yd ixpdrlhskaf.a úfYaI f.!rj m%Kduhg yd mQfcdamydrhg md;%jk f,dal Wreu wkqmfïh ixialD;sl jákdlula we;s fn!oaO isoaOia:dkhls'
tys jdia;= úoHd;aul ,laIK Wvrggu wdfõKsl jQ ,laIKhkaf.ka wkQkh' Y%S o<od ud,s.dj k.rhg kef.kysßka Wvj;a; le<h wi, rc ud<s.dj wdikakfha bÈlr we;' ol=Kq miska lsß uqyqo fyj;a uykqjr jejh' W;=re miska rc ud<s.hhs' niakdysßka kd: yd m;a;sks foajd, msysgd we;af;ah'
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| kj jdy,alv |
| jdy,alv fyj;a jdi,alv hkq msúiqï ud¾.hhs' Y%S o<od ud,s.dfõ kj jdy,alv yd uy jdy,alv jYfhka foflls' bka kj jdy,alv uE; ld,fha§ f.dv ke`.+jls' uykqjr k.rh ueÈka Y%S o<od ud,s.djg msúfik úg /ðK fydag,h bÈßfhys msysgd we;af;a fuu kj jdy,alvhs' fuho Wvrg ks¾udK l,djg wkql+,ju ks¾udK jQjls' |
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| uy u¿j |
merKsfha§ uy u¿j fhdodf.k we;af;a rcq m;a;sßmamqfjys fmkS isá úg ÿla.ekú,s bÈßm;a lsÍug meñfKk mqrjeishkag meñK fmdfrd;a;=ù isg ish ÿla.ekú,s rc;=ud fj; bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd;a" wx.ïfmdr jeks merKs igka l%u úoyd oelaùu i|yd;a" fmryr ux.,a,hka oeln,d .ekSu i|yd;ah' l%s' j' 1828 § i¾ tâjâ nd¾kaia wdKavqldr iufha o<od jykafia neyerg jevu fldg uyu¿fõ ;ekjQ o¾YkSh uKavmhl ;ekam;a fldg m%o¾Ykh l< nj mejfia'
kj jdy,aläka we;=,a jQ úg Tn msjfikafka uy u¿jghs' tys bÈßhg .uka .kakd úg ksoyia Y%S% ,xldfõ m%:u w.%dud;Hjrhd jQ uyd udkH ã'weia' fiakdkdhl Y%S% u;dKkaf.a ms<srej;a" uoaÿu nKavdr <ud ùrjrhdf.a m%;sudj;a" ksoyia igka fufNh jQ ùr lemafmáfmd, uy Èidjf.a iaudrlh;a" Ôú; mß;Hd.fhka Y%S% o<od jykafiaf.a wdrlaIdj i,id.ekSug l%shd l<d jQ;a tksidu bx.S%is wêrdcHjd§ka f.ka isroඬqjï ú£ug isÿ jQjdjQ;a 1815 ud¾;= 2 od Wvrg .súiqu w;aika lsÍfï§ kshñ; fõ,djg fmßka tijQ bx.S%is l;sr fldäh my; fN<d isxy, cd;sl Och Tijd wNS; ùr;ajh mEjdjQ;a" w;smQcH jdßhfmd, Y%S% iqux., wkqkdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a ms<srej;a" bka ol=Kq mi Y%S% oka; Od;+ka jykafia ,laÈjg jevu jQ fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=uref.a ms<srej;a keröh yelsh' uyu¿j l,la rchg w;am;a lrf.k ;snqfKa ù kuq;a uE; Nd.fha§ th ixj¾Okh lr kej;a Y%S o<od ud,s.djg mjrd fok ,§'
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| i|lv myK |
uy jdy,alv wNshi o¾YKSh i|lv myfKa ks¾udKh wkqrmqr merKs i|lvmyka iïm%odhkag jvd ;rula fjkiah' wkqrdOmqrh rdcOdksfhys msysá i|lvmyka j, i;aj rEm ks¾udKh ù ;sîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' uykqjr hq.fha fuu i|lv myfKys tjlg mej;s yskaÿ wd.ñl n,mEu ksidfoda .jhd jeks i;aj rEm bj;a ù fk¿ï u, yd ,shje,a jeks iajdNdúl msßirhg wh;a jia;= fhdodf.k ks¾udKh lr we;s nj fmfka' fuu i|lv myk ;%sfldaKdldr yevfhka hqla;h' tys fomi uk#l,ams; rEmhla jQ ulr rE foflls' ulr uqúka bÈßhg u,a lsks;s folla úysfoa uOHfhys msìÿkq moauhls' YS¾Ifhys úis;=re u,a lsks;a;la by<g úys§ ;sfnkq oelal yelsh' Y%S% o<od ud,s.dj wìhi ;snQ merKs i|lv myK ;%ia;jd§ fndaïn m%ydrfha§ úkdYhg m;aúh' bka fYaI jQ fldgia oekg u`.=,a uvqj wi, ìfuys ixrlaIKh fldg ;eîug mshjr f.k ;sfí' uE;l§ ks¾udKh fldg ;ekam;a lr we;s kj i|lv myK olsk ´kEu flfkl=g merKs .,a jvqjkaf.a úYañ; l=i,;djh yd wdNdih Wreu jQ tjeksu ks¾udK lrejka wo;a ujq ìfuys Ôj;aj isák nj uy;a wNsudkfhka i,ld .; yelsh'
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| uy jdy,alv |
m%Odk msúiqï ud¾.h jYfhka y÷kajk uyjdy,alv kï jQ m%Odk fodrgqj u|la jïmig jk wdldrfhka f.dvk.d we;' i|lv myk miq fldg Èh w., ;rKh lr fuu ffY,uh fodrgqj fj; ,`.d úh hq;=h' th iqúi,a lKq y;rla u; f.dvke.S we;' tys wdrelal= i;rla olakd ,efí'
bÈßmi fome;af;ys fykavqjla w;ska .;a we;a f.dõfjl= we;= msg ke`.s tu we;= igklg fufyhjkq ,nk wdldrh oelafjk úis;=re f,i leghï l< we;=ka fofofkl= olakd ,efí' bÈßmi ì;a;sh fome;af;ys w,xldr leghñka ksujQ mxpkdß >gh kñka y÷kajk ia;%S rEm mylska ks¾udKh jQ mqkal,il yevh .;a leghula olakg yelsh' miqmi fomi ì;a;sfhys wdhqOhla w;ska .;a jduk rEm folla ukyr leghñka w,xlD; lr ;sfí' th mQckSh f.dvke.s,s j,g wdfõksl jQjls' fuu jdy,aläka we;=,a jQ úg ol=Kg yd W;=rg úyfok msh.eg fofma<shla msysgd ;sfí' W;=rg úysfok mäfm<ska rcud,s.hg yd u`.=,a uvqjg o" ol=Kg Èfjk msh.eg fm<ska o<od ud<s.hg o msúish yelsh' fuu uy jdy,alv f.dvk.d we;af;a o<od ud<s.dj rc ud,s.dj yd u`.=,a uvqjg o msúish yels fmdÿ msúiqï ud¾.hla f,ih'
Y%S% o<od ud,s.djg m%fõY ùug we;s uy jdy,alv wìhig ud¾. follska ,`.d ùug myiqlï i,id we;' jej rjqfuka fyda nQje,slv ud¾.h Tiafia fyda meñfKk flfkl=g tlai;a fn!oaO n, uKav, ukaÈrh wi, msysgd we;s fmd,sia ud¾. ndOlh miqfldg Y%S% o<od ud,s.dfõ úY%du Yd,dj bÈßmsg ud¾. ndOlfhka m%fõY ù m%Odk uy jdy,alv fj; ,`.dúh yels w;r uykqjr k.rh ueÈka meñfKk flfkl=g /ðk fydag,h bÈßmsg msysá kjjdy,aläka we;=,a ù uy u¿j Tiafia m%Odk jdy,alv fj; ,`.d úh yelsh' |
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| Èh w., |
| YS% o<od ud,s.dj bÈßfhys Èh w., ueÈ fldg Èfjk msg; m%dldrh j,dl=¿ neïul yevh f.k we;' m%§m mQcdjkays§ myka ;eìh yels whqre by< fldgfiys isÿre iys;j ks¾udKh fldg we;s w;r" tu jd/<s neïu Èh/,s yevh f.k we;' Èh w.,g we;=<;ska ;rula Wi m%dldrhla msysáfhah' fuu Èh w., kqjr jefjka ^lsß ihqr& .,d tk Èfhka msÍhhs' o<od ue÷r isg úIaKq foajd,h olajd Èjhhs' wdrlaIdjg yd w,xldrhg ;ekjQ fuh YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq úiska lrjQfha hehs ie,fla' Èh w., u;ska uy jdy,alvg msúiSug merKsfha§ wl=,k md,ula fhdod ;snqKehs m<fõ' j¾;udkfhys .,ska ksujQ md,ula ks¾udKh fldg we;' |
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| ulr f;drK |
| wUrdjg msúfik fodrgqfjys lsôys uqyqKlska hq;a ulr f;drKla olakd ,efí' ta .,a W¿jiai rElï j,ska w,xldrh' fodrgqmd, rE follska ieriS we;' W¿jyq lKqj wi, j,a úÿkdjla .;a fodrgqmd, rEm folls' W¿jyq lKq m<dfm;s ,shje,a wdÈfhka irid we;af;ah' f;drfKa fomi ulr uqjla by<g we§ hhs' ulr láka kslafuk leghul yxifhda .uka lrk ú,dihla oelafõ' lsôys uqúka my<g fk¿ï u,ah' lsôys uqyqK fomi fõ;%hla w;ska ord isákakl= o lvqjla w;ska ord isákakl= o Èiafõ' W¿jiai Wiska wä 12 ½ ls' m<,ska wä 15 la muK fõ' ulr f;drKg we;=,;ska mshka foll fodrla iúlr we;' th bÈßmsg o Wvrg leghï l,djg wh;a i|lv mykla olakd ,efí' |
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| wUrdj ^ìïf.h& |
Wu.la jeksh' th È.ska wä 29 w`.,a 08 la muK o m<,ska wä 08 la muK o fõ' Wv fldgi u,a úhkla n÷j fk¿ï u,ska yd ,shje,ska ieriS we;af;ah' fomi wef.ys Wv fldgi ksrdjrKh jQ ;=mafmdÜáfhka ieriqKq u,a jÜá w;ska .;a tla mfilg wg fofkl=f.ka iukaú; mqreI rEm olakd ,efí' tys olakg ,efnk is;=jï uE; Nd.fha ks¾udKh l< tajdh' tys we;=<; we;s i|lv mykska bÈßhg msh.egfm, ke.s úg fyaúis uKavmhg msúish yelsh'
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| fyaúis uKavmh |
| wUrdfjka bÈßhg hk úg yuqjkafka fyaúis uKavmhhs' f;ajdj meje;afjk fõ,djl§ kï tys fyaúis mQcdjka mj;ajk wdldrh Tngo oel n,d.; yelsh' fyaúis uKavmh iys; È.af.a fomi oyh ne.ska .,alKq úiailska iukaú;h' È.Yd,djla f,i mj;sk ksid È.af.h hkqfjka o Ndú;d lrhs' merKs fouy,a ud,s.dj wNshi msysá È. Yd,dj fyaúis uKavmhhs' È.ska wä 118 la muK o m<,ska wä 40 la muK o jk fuu È. Yd,dj wdh;p;=ri%dldrh' Èkm;d fyaúis mQcd isÿjkafka fuys§h' fomi .,a lKq oyh ne.ska iqúi,a .,a lKq úiailska by< jy,h ord isà' fuu .,a lKq leghï fldg ks¾udKh lrjd m%;sixialrK lghq;= lf<a fla' î' kq.fj, Èhjvk ks,fï;=ud úiskehs mejfia' l=¿Kq u; t,d we;s fmalv úis;=reh' fuu Yd,dj ;=< fodf<diaufya myka ;=kla ;nd ;sfnkq olakg yelsh' j¾;udkfha§ tajd oe,afjk whqre oelal yelsh' fyaúis uKavmfha isg ol=Kq miska m,af,audf,a ms<suf.g yd m;a;sßmamqjg f.dvùug o jïmi l=vd ffp;H wi,ska by< È.af.g msúiqug o msh.egfm< fhduqù we;' |
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| jevisák ud,s.dfõ md;ud,h |
fyaúis uKavmh bÈßfhys merKs fouy,a jevisák ud,s.dj o¾Ykh fõ' jevisák ud,s.dj md;ud,h yd Wvud,h jYfhka ud, follska hqla;h' md;ud,h bÈßmsg i|lvmyKls' thg i|., hkqfjkao Ndú;d flf¾' i|lv myfka isg bÈßh n,kúg mdIdKuh ulr f;drKla o ukyr leghñka nn,k ߧ fodrla o olakg ,efí' t;ek msh.eg fm< fomi .,ska fk¨ uqj whd.;a isxyrEm foflkao úYd, we;ao< fcdavq foflka o Y%S o<od ud,s.dfõ wNsudkj;a nj /lfoa' fuu jdy,alv we;ao;a jdy,alv hkqfjka Ndú;d flf¾' md;ud,hg we;=,aúh yels wu;r fodr folla W;=re foiska yd ol=Kq foiska msysgd we;' tfN;a tu fodr fol idudkHfhka újD; fkdflf¾' jev isák ud,s.dj jgd .,a lKq úisyhla olakd ,efí' md;ud,h jfÜ WviS,sfuys yd ì;a;sj, úúO Ñ;% is;=jï fldg we;' md;ud,fha ߧ fodfrka we;=,ajQ úg uq,skau msúfikafka merKs È.af.hgh' tys jákd fl!;=l NdKav ;ekam;a l< w,audß lSmhla Èiafõ' iS,su is;=jï j,ska irid we;af;ah' Od;= lr~qj jevujk ux., yia;s rdchdf.a msgu; ;nk j;mqgqj ;ekam;a fldg we;af;a o fuysh' we;=<; .,a ulr f;drKla iys; fodrlska fjka jQ ldurhls' th uywruqo, kñka y÷kajk .nvd ldurhls' my; ud,h we;=<;ska Wvud,hg msh ke`.sh hq;af;a ,S msh.egfm,lsks' fu;kska Wvud,hg we;=,a úh yelafla f;ajd lghq;= Ndr uyd ix>r;akhg;a iydhl fiajl ldrldÈkg;a úfYaIs; wuq;a;kag;a muKs'
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| y÷kal=vu ^y÷kal+ku& |
md;ud,fha isg by; msh.eg fm<ska msúfikafka Wvud,fha y÷kal=vughs' óg wu;rj y÷kal=vug by, ud,fha msß;a uKavmfha isg we;=,aúh yels fodrlao f.mÆï nrdohkaf.ka we;=<aúh yels fodr folla o .kaOl=áhg uqyqK,d ;j;a fodrlao jYfhka fodr i;rla iúfldg we;' y÷ka l=vfï we;=<; ì;a;s yd iS,su w,xldr is;=jï j,ska úis;=re ù we;' tys m<uq Ñ;% Y%S ùr mlrdl%u kf¾kao%isxy rcq úiska ks¾udKh lrjk ,§' miqj ta u; lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq úiska o" l%s' j' 1942 § r;aj;af;a Èhjvk ks,fï;=ud úiska o m%;sixialrKhka lr we;' miq.sh od fndaïn m%ydrfhka miq u;=lr.;a Ñ;% fldgia kf¾kao%isxy rc;=udf.a ld,fhys ks¾udKh l< tajd njg úYajdi flf¾' kf¾kao%isxy rc;=ud cd;l l:d ;sia folla Y%S% o<od ud,s.dfjys is;=jï lrjQ nj uydjxYfhys i|yka fõ'
y÷kal=vu yd .kaOl=áh w;r we;s <orejka mQcdlrk fldgi o y÷kal=vug wh;anj ie,flk kuq;a th f.mÆï nrdofhau fldgila yeáhg ;j;a iuyre mji;s'
y÷kal=vug jï miska f.mÆï nrd|h msysáfhah' tys lúldr uvqfõ NdKav o ;ekam;a flf¾' jevisák ud,s.djg ol=Kq miska we;af;a l;a;shk nrdohhs' fyaulo mhsxv lr f.keú;a ;nkqfha;a odk md;%d yd .s,kami iQodkï lrkqfha;a l;a;shk nrdofhah' .kaOl=áhg msámiska nrdoh i¿nrdoh fNj;a i¿ uKavmh f,i y÷kajhs' fuu nrd÷hg lsisfjl=g we;=,aùug bv fkd,efí' rc;=ud Y%S% o<odjykafia je|mqod .ekSug meñKsúg w;sf¾l i¿ms,s ;eîug Ndú;d flf<a fuu nrd|h nj mejfia' y÷kal=vug ol=Kq miska lúldr uvqj msysáfhah' lúldr uvqfõ wh tys isg kdkquqr ux., Èkfha§;a" fmdahÈkj,§;a yd fmryr ux.,a,h wjia:dj,§;a Y%S% o<od isß; .dhkd lr;s' |
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| Y%S% oka; Od;+ka jykafia jevisák ud,s.dj ^.kaOl=áh& |
.kaO l=áfhys olakg ,efnk fjä fkdjÈk jc%uh wdjrKh cmdkfha tfyað mkaif,a mQcH ßïfmda ksjd kdhl f;reka jykafia l< mQcdjls' ùÿre wdjrKh ;=< ßÈfhka ksujd rka wdf,ams;j jákd ñKsuq;=fhka w,xlD;j úYd, lr~qjla Èiafõ' fuu uyd lr~qj we;=<; ;j;a lr~q yhla ;ekam;a lr ;sfí' y;afjks lr~qfõ › oka;Od;+ka jykafia ;ekam;a lr we;' fuu lr~q újD; lsÍu i|yd wod, h;=re u,aj;= wia.sß WNh uyd úydrfhys w;s.re uydkdhl iajdókao%hka jykafia,d foku fj; yd .sysNdrldr Èhjvk ks,fï;=ud Ndrfha mj;S' lr~q újD; lsÍulg fuu ;sfokdf.au iyNd.S;ajh w;HdjYHh fõ' tu uy lr~qj Wiska wä 5 1$2 muK fõ' ߧ 25000 lska ksujd rka wdf,am lr kjr;akhka Tínjd r;ak ffp;Hhla nÿj ks¾udKh fldg tu uy lr~qj mQcd lrkq ,enqfõ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1687 - 1707& nj uydjxYh i|yka lrhs' uyd lr~qfõ jákd ñKsuq;= j,ska úis;=re jQ úúO iaj¾KdNrK m<|jd ;sfí' tys fomi fmryr lr~qj yd nqreu lr~qj ;ekam;a lr we;' fuu lr~qj, o jákd iaj¾KdNrK m<|jd ;sfnkq oelal yelsh' lr~qj bÈßmi rkska ksujQ u,a wdikhls' fuu u,a wdikh u; mQcdlsÍug .kq ,nkqfha iqÿmeye msÉp u,ah' u,a mQcdj msKsi f.fkk úg nKafoaishl fyda jÜáhl ;ndf.k wdhq;=h' f.kd u,ajÜáh fyda nkafoaish uq,skau f;ajdNdr iajdóka jykafia fj; NdrÈh hq;=h' túg Wkajykafia f.a iqr;ska fok u,añg u,a wdikh u; ;nd mQcd lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' .kaOl=áhg we;=,ajk úg ߧ mä l| mE.Sug bv fkdfoa' rc;=ud jkaokd lsÍug meñKsúg Tgqkak .,jd ;u k<, ;nd jkaokd l< neúkq;a wd,;a;snEfuka miq myka;eîug fhdod.kakd neúkq;a fuu isß; iïm%odhla jYfhka wkq.ukh flf¾'
.kaO l=áh ;=< f;ajd lghq;= j,g yd wksl=;a ne;su;=kag ndOdjk mßÈ jeäfõ,djla /£ isàug wjldY fkd,efí' úfYaIfhka .kaOl=áhg yd y÷kal=vug we;=,aùug wjia:dj ,efnkqfha kshñ; wuq;= uq¿;eka nqoaO mQcdjg yd w;sf¾l uq,a;eka nqoaO mQcdjg meñfKk ne;su;=ka iSñ; .Kklg;a Y%S% o<od jykafiag <orejka mQcdlsÍug meñfKk ne;su;=kag;a úfYaI wuq;a;kag;a muKs' wfkl=;a ne;su;=kg msß;a uKavmh wi, isg jkaokd lsÍug wjia:dj ie,fia' NslaIQka jykafia,d jevisák ud,s.djg msúfik úg § iïm%odhla f,i n|máhla ne¢h hq;=h' |
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| Y%S% o<od ud,s.dfõ ffp;Hh |
| fyaúis uKavmfha isg jïmiska by<g k`.sk úg l=vd ffp;Hhla yuqfõ' fuu od.efnys ksokafldg we;af;a md;%dOd;+ka jykafia njg úYajdihla we;s kuqÿ Y%S% o<od jykafiag mQcd l< jákd NdKav ;ekam;a lr ;ekqjla nj jvd ms<s.;a u;h fõ' ta wi, ì;a;sfhys uQ¾;su;a lr we;af;a fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ureh' fuys isg by<g jeà we;s msh .eg fm< k`.sk úg Wvud,fha È.af.g msúish yelsh' |
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| WvÈ.af.a |
| Y%S% oka;Od;+ka jykafia je|mqod .ekSug tk ne;su;=ka f.k tk u,a mQcd lrkqfha fuu È.af.hs ;nd we;s u,a wdikh u;h' th È. Yd,djla jYfhka bvlv we;s ksid ne;su;=kg úfõlSj ys| jkaokd lsÍug wjia:dj ie,fia' Wv È.af.h lrd mshke`.sh hq;af;a ffp;H wi,ska jeà we;s msh.eg fm<sks' Wv È.af.g msúis ne;su;=kag jkaokd lsÍfuka miq m,af,aud,hg neiSu i|yd msh.eg fm<j,a folla we;' bka tla msh.eg fm<la md; ud,fha ms<suf.h bÈßhg o wfkla msh.eg fm< fyaúis uKavmh fj;o fhduq ù ;sfí' |
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| msß;a uKavmh |
| msß;a uKavmh Wv È.af.hs u,a wdikhg hdnoj îr¿ j,ska jg jQ is;=jï l< isú,sulska hqla;j msysáfhah' úfYaI o<od m%o¾Yk mj;ajkqfha msß;a uKavmfha jvd ys÷jdh' úfYaI msß;a foaYkd meje;a ùfï§ o wÆ;a iy,a ux.,a,h meje;aùfï§ o fuu msß;a uKavmh m%fhdackhg .kS' uq¿;eka nqoaO mQcdj i|yd meñfKk ne;su;=ka jev isák ud,s.dfõ fodrj,a újD; flfrk ;=re fmdfrd;a;=j isákqfha o msß;a uKavmh ;=<h' tys bÈßmsg fodrj,a ;=kla olakg ,efí' ueo fodfrka yÿkal=vug o fomi fodr foflka f.mÆï nrdohkag o msúish yelsh' f.mÆï nrd| j,ska yÿka l=vug msúiSug o fodrj,a fhdod we;' |
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| m,af,a ud,fha úydr ukaÈrh |
uq,a hq.fha§ jevisák ud,s.dfõ md;ud,fha úydr f.hla o mej;s nj úYajdi flf¾' tu úydr f.h fjkqjg m,af,aud,h kñka y÷kajk ms<suf.h lS¾;s Y%S% rdcisxy rc;=ud úiska lrjk ,oaols' tys jevisák rka wdf,ams; f,dl= ms<sujykafia lrùu rdcdê rdcisxy rc;=udf.a ld,fha§ wdrïN jQ kuq;a tys jev wjika lr ;ekam;a lr we;af;a bx.S%is md,k iufha§h' kd: foajd, N+ñfha§ fuu m%;sud jykafia ksulrjd miqj Y%S% o<od ud,s.djg f.kú;a ;ekam;a l< nj ckm%jdohlska mejfia' m,af,aud,fha nqÿf.hs jevisák l=vd m,s`.= ms<sujykafia ;ekam;a lr we;s w,xldr uxcqidj fo,a.uqj úydria:dkfha isg › oka;Od;+ka jykafia uykqjrg jevuùu i|yd fhdod.;a uxcqidj nj m%lgh' m,af,audf,a úydrfha ì;a;sj, yd isú,sµuys úis;=re is;=jï ks¾udKh lr we;' fuu is;=jï w;r úIaKq foajrEmh lS¾;s Y%S% rdcisxy rcqf.a rEmh je,súg wirK irK irKxlr ix>rdc ysñf.a is;=ju hk Ñ;% jvd;a lemSfmfka' w.kd r;akud,s hka;% rdchd we| we;af;a o m,af,ud,fhah' m,af,ud,fha f;ajdlghq;= i|yd NslaIQkajykafia kula fjku m;alr we;' Wkajykafiag iydh msKsi m,af,udf,a rd< kñka ks,lrejl= m;alr we;af;ah' jÜfgdarerd< jevisák ud,s.dfõ h;=re mhsxv lrk wjia:dfõ§u m,af,a ud,fha h;=re mhsxvlr i|., ,`.§ m,af,aud,rd< fj; Ndr§u isÿfõ'
› oka;Od;+kajykafiaf.a f;ajd lghq;= isÿjk fõ,dfõ§u m,af,a ud,fha nqÿf.a f;ajd lghq;=q o isÿfõ' tys o fyaulo mhsxvlr ;ekam;a lsÍug l;a;shk nrd|hla fjku msysgqjd we;' |
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| m;a;sßmamqj |
| ls%'j' 1802 § Y%S% úC%urdcisxy rc;=ud úiska Wvrg ykafoiafia foafõkao% uq,dpd¾hh keue;s olaI Ys,amshd ,jd lrjk ,oaols' wgmÜgï yevfhka ksujd we;s fuu f.dvke`.s,a,g bÈßmiska ;kd we;s Èh w.,ska yd j,dl=¿ ^Èh/,s& neïfuka b;d o¾YkSh fmkqula ,nd fohs' oekg jákd O¾u mqiafld< fmd;a yd uqo%s; fmd;a ;ekam;a fldg we;af;a fuysh' fuu m%Odk mqia;ld,fhys mqiafld< fmd;a w;r mkaish mkia cd;l l;d ,sh jQ mqiafld< fmd; b;djákd ft;sydisl mqiafld< fmd;ls' th l=reKE., hq.hg wh;ah' fuu mqia;ld,fha isg jákdfmd;a mßYS,khg bvie,iS ke;s kuqÿ j¾;udk Èhjvk ks,fï;=ud ta i|yd fjku Y%S% o<od mqia;ld,hla msysgqjd we;af;ah' rc;=ud m;a;sßmamqj fhdod.kq ,enQfha uyu¿jg /iafjk rgjeishdf.a ÿla.ekú,s j,g ijka §ug yd Tjqka weu;Sug;a fmryr yd bÈßfha we;s lsßuqyqfoa fi!kao¾hh keröug;a nj mejfia' md;afj,d bkak ;ek hk wre;ska md;a; bßmamq hk fou< jpkfhka m;a;sßmamqj hk ku ieliS we;ehs mejfia' m;a;sßmamqfõ isg rcud,s.h olajd jeà we;s Wu.la .ek o lshefõ' m;a;sßmamqj uE;la jk ;=reu rchg wh;aj ;sî ysgmq w.%dud;H vâ,s fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud úiska ikakilska Y%S% o<od ud,s.djg mjrd ÿkafkah' |
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| kj nqÿ ueÿr msysá f.dvke.s,a, |
1916 - 1937 w;r § f.dvk`.kq ,o kj nqÿueÿr iys; f.dvke`.s,a, ìïud,hg wu;rj uy,a ;=klska hqla;h' kj nqÿueÿrg my;ska ìïud,fha msysá Yd,dj ishla kulg muK odkh msßkeñh yelsmßÈ wjYH WmlrK o iu`. odkYd,djla jYfhka iliafldg we;' fuu odk Yd,djg uqÆ;eka f.h bÈßmsáka o kj nqÿueÿr we;=,;ska my,g jeà we;s msh.egfm<ska o meñKsh yelsh' Èkm;d uyd ix>r;akhg odkh msßkukafka fuu Yd,dfõ§h'
fuu f.dvke`.s,af,a odkYd,djg by,ska we;s uy, kj nqÿ ueÿr yeáhg ieliS we;' tys bÈßfõÈldfjys ;dhs,ka;fhka ^ishï& mQcdlrK ,o rkajka meye;s nqoaO m%;sud jykafia kula yd uef,aishdfjka mQcd lrkq ,enQ lsß.rev m%;sud jykafia fokula jvd ys÷jd we;' tu f,dl= ms<sujykafiag wu;rj bkaÈhdj Ökh mlsia:dkh jeks úfoaY%Sh rdcHhkaf.ka mQcdlrk ,o ms<sujykafia,d lSmkulao ;ekam;a fldg ;sfnkq oelal yelsh' Yd,dj jgd uef,aishdfjka mQcd lrkq ,enQ wgúis nqoaO m%;sud jykafia,d o o¾YkSh f,i ;ekam;a lr ;sfí' kj nqÿ ueÿr jgd o¾YkSh f,i wÈk ,o Ñ;% rdYshla olakg ,efí' tu Ñ;%j,ska Y%S% oka;Od;+ka jykafia ms<sn| b;sydi l;d mqj; ksrEmKh fldg olajhs' isÿy;a Wmf;a isg oka;Od;+ka jykafia ms<sn| l:d mqj; uekúka tu Ñ;%j,ska ms<sìUq fõ' kj nqÿueÿr ne;su;=kg úfõlSj jkaokd udk lr.; yels ms<suf.hls' úfYaI O¾u foaYkd yd msß;a foaYkd meje;aùu i|yd o fuu kj nqÿueÿr m%fhdackhg .kS' kj nqÿueÿr ;=,ska by< ud, fofla we;s Y%S% o<od fl!;=ld.drh keröu i|yd hd yelsh' |
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| uq¿;ekaf.h |
| Y%S% o<od ud,s.dfõ we;s f.dvke`.s,s w;r b;djeo.;a ;ekla uq¿;eka f.g o ysñfõ' Y%S% oka;Od;+ka jykafia Wfoid Èkm;d isÿflfrk nqoaO mQcd ms<sfh, flfrkqfha fuys neúks' uq¿;ekaf.h mú;%j ;nd .ekSu yd odkh ms<sfh, lsÍu b;d msßisÿj m%kS;j bgqlrùu ms<sn|j f;ajdNdr kdhl iajdóka jykafia,d fukau Èhjvk ks,fï;=ud o úfYaI ie,ls,aa,la olajhs' fmr rc oji Y%S% o<od jykafiag odkh yd .s,kami ms<sfh, lrkq ,enqfha rcud,s.dfõ uq¿;ekaf.h ;=<§uh' tfia iQodkï lrk ,o w.%fNdackh rc;=ud úiskau fyaulol ^rkalol& ;ndf.k Y%S% o<od ud,s.djg mQcdj msKsi f.k tau idïm%odhsl pdß;%hla úh' fuu pdß;%h wo;a ixfla;j;a lrñka l;a;shk rd< úiska uqÆ;eka f.hs ilialrk ,o odkh fyaulol ;nd f;ajdj wjia:dfjys mhsxv lrk wdldrh oelsh yelsh' nqÿrcdKka jykafiag foúhka yd rcqka jeks W;=ukag ms<sfh, lrk odkh uq¿;eka hkqfjka Ndú;d flf¾' Y%S% oka; Od;+ka jykafia Wfoid ms<sfh, flfrk nqoaOmQcdj wuq;= uq¿;eka nqoaOmQcd kñka ms<sfh, lrkqfha uq¿;eka rd< yd Tyqf.a iydhlhka úisks' uq¿;eka nqoaO mQcdj Ndr.;a wh úiska wjYh o%jH f.kú;a NdrÈh hq;= w;r" tfia ke;fyd;a ldßhlrjk fldard, úiska fyda odkhg wjYH o%jH imhd Èh hq;=h' |
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| u`.=,a u`vqj |
Wvrg jdia;= úoHdfõ úÑ;% ks¾udKhla f,i ie,lsh yels u`.=,a uvqj msysgd we;af;a rc ud,s.d ixlS¾Kfha YS% o<od ud,s.dj wdikakfhah' uykvqj hkq o Bgu kfuls' j¾;udkfha olakg ,efnk oejuh u`.=,a uvqj l%s' j' 1783 § rdcdê rdcisxy ^l%s' j' 1781 - 1798& rc;=ud lrjQjla nj;a wk;=rej YS% úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1798 - 1815& úiska ms<silr lrkq ,enQ nj;a mejfia' bx.%Sis md,lhka úiska fuh ms<silr lrjd w¨;ska o fldgila tlafldg we;' u`.=,a uvqj bÈlf<a rdcdê rdcisxy rcq nj mji;;a t;=udg fmr o fixlv.,mqr rc ud,s.d ixlS¾Kfha u`.=,a uvqjla bÈù ;sìKehs i,ld.; yelsh' tlS u`.=,a uvqj úkdY jQfhka rdcê rdcisxy rc;=ud h<s f.dvke.=jd úh hq;=h' Wvrg jdia;= úoHdfõ tk úis;=re ,S leghï l,djg wkqj fuu ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQfha foafõkaø uQ,dpd¾h fyj;a wr;a;k .=rekakdkafia úisks' m;a;sßmamqj ks¾udKh lf<a o Tyqh' isxy, rdcH iufha rc;=ud yd by< ks,Odßkaf.ka iukaú; by< wêlrKh uykvqj jYfhka /iajQfha fuys§h' miqld,fhao uE; Nd.h jk;=re by< kvq fuys§ úNd. úh' rdcH iufha fukau bx.%Siskaf.a ld,fhys o j¾;udkfhys o fuu u`.=,a uvqj ;=< jeo.;a kvq ;Skaÿ lSmhlau m%ldYhg m;aúh'
rcq úfYaI wuq;a;ka ksfhdað;hka yuqjQfha o fuys§h' wei< fmryr ux.,a,h Èkm;d rd;%sfhys wjika jQ miq id¾:lj fmryr wjika jQ nj foajd, j, lmqjka úiska rc;=udg ie,lr isáfha o u`.=,a uvqfõ§ njg ckm%jdohla mj;S'
l%s' j' 1815 ud¾;= 02 jk Èk § isxy, bx.%Sis Wvrg .súiqu w;aika lrkq ,enQfha o fuu fM;sydisl f.dvke.s,af,a§h' l%s' j' 1875 § fõ,aifha l=ure uykqjrg meñKs wjia:dfjys ms<s.ekSï W;aijh meje;ajQfha o fuysh' j¾;udkfha§ u,aj;= wia.sß WNh uydúydrfha w;s.re uydkdhl moú yd wkqkdhl moú m;alsÍï ikakia m;%h rfÜ ckdêm;sjrhd úiska ms<s.kajkqfha o fuu u`.=,a uvqfõ§h'
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